Plecoptera of Gunnison County, Colorado | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Figure 1 Taxonomy Translation (page 382) | |
|---|---|
| Dodds and Hisaw Name | 2004 Name |
| Alloperla pilosa | same |
| Nemura sp. | unknown |
| Perlodes signata | Megarcys signata |
| Perla modesta | Kogotus modestus |
| Alloperla lamba | Sweltsa lamba |
| Nemura delicatula | Podmosta delicatula |
| Leuctra occidentalis | Paraleuctra occidentalis |
| Taenionema analis | Taenionema pacificum |
| Paraperla frontalis | same |
| Perla expansa | Pictetiella expansa |
| Nemura venusta | Amphinemura banksi |
| Arsapnia decepta | Capnia decepta |
| Alloperla sp. | unknown |
| Capnia brevicauda | Eucapnopsis brevicauda |
| Taeniopteryx occidentalis | Doddsia occidentalis |
| Perla sp. | unknown |
| Perla modesta | Kogotus modestus |
| Acroneuria pacifica | Hesperoperla pacifica |
| Perla ebria | Isoperla sobria |
| Alloperla borealis | Sweltsa borealis |
| Isogenus elongatus | Isogenoides elongatus |
| Alloperla pallidula | Suwallia pallidula |
| Pteronarcella badia | same |
| Isoperla punctata | same |
| Alloperla signata | Triznaka signata |
| Isoperla sp. | unknown |
Dosdall, LM 1991 Survival of selected aquatic insects exposed to methoxychlor treatment of the Saskatchewan River system. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 26(1) 27-40.
Dosdall, LM; Goodwin, LR; Casey, RJ; Noton, L 1997 The effect of ambient concentrations of chlorate on survival of freshwater aquatic invertebrates. Water Quality Research Journal of Canada. 32(4) 839-854.
This paper is mentioned in some of the PAN pesticides database http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Index.html links scattered throughout this website and on the Ambient Water Quality Guidelines for Chlorate website from Government of British Columbia, Ministry of the Environment.
Donald,DB 1980 Deformities in Capniidae (Plecoptera) from the Bow River, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Zoology 58, 682-686.
Downes,JA 1964 Arctic insects and their environment. Canadian Entomologist 96, 279-307.
Duffield,RM and Nelson,CH 1998 Stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the diet of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell) in Libby Creek, Wyoming, USA. Hydrobiologia 380, 59-65.
Abstract: "The stonefly component of a naturally reproducing population of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was studied by analyzing 216 stomach pump samples collected between May 15 and August 10, 1991 and 1992, from Libby Creek, an alpine stream in the Medicine Bow National Forest in Wyoming. Stoneflies constituted 10.3% of the total items recovered and were the second most abundant order in the samples. Nineteen species of Plecoptera representing five families were identified. Approximately 43% of all stoneflies were Sweltsa lamba; the next most prevalent species was Zapada haysi (12%). The other prevalent insect orders in the samples were Diptera (57.2%), Ephemeroptera (8.4%) and Trichoptera (6.1%). Terrestrial Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Hemiptera were most common in July and August."
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Elmork,K; Saether,OR (1970) Distribution of invertebrates in a high mountain brook in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Studies Series in Biology No 31.F
Finn,DS and Poff,NL 2008 Emergence and flight activity of alpine stream insects in two years with contrasting winter snowpack. Artic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 40(4)638-646. PDFFochetti,R and Tierno de Figueroa,JM 2008 Global diversity of stoneflies (Plecoptera; Insecta) in freshwater. Hydrobiologia 595(1)365-377
Abstract: Plecoptera, or stoneflies, is a small order of hemimetabolous insects: according to our data, more than 3,497 species have been described so far in the world. The total number of species has enormously increased in the last 30 years (2,000 species estimated in 1976) and, if the trend continues, then it will nearly double in the near future. The order is divided into the suborders Arctoperlaria and Antarctoperlaria, and includes 16 families: 12 arctoperlarian and 4 antarctoperlarian. The Arctoperlaria account for a total number of 3,179 species, and Antarctoperlaria, only 318 species. The total number of genera is 286. We give in this article the estimated number of species for each family. The fauna and diversity of stonefly in North America (650 species reported) and Europe (426 species) are best known. Nevertheless, in the last 25 years, a mean of 2.6 Plecoptera species per year were described in Europe. Stonefly-faunas of Australia (191 species, Tasmania included) and New Zealand (104 species) are relatively well-known, while our knowledge of the Plecoptera of Central and South America (95 and 378 species respectively) is poor and still not representative of the real diversity. Africa has a reduced stonefly fauna (126 species). Asian stonefly diversity (approximately 1,527 species) is much greater than that of Europe or North America despite the fact that, except for Japan and Asiatic Russia that have been well studied, our knowledge of the remaining Asiatic areas is extremely poor. Even though our data indicate the Holarctic Region as the diversity hot-spot for the order, the analysis of the specific diversity divided by family suggests also an important role of tropical stoneflies.
Freilich,JE 1991 Movement patterns and ecology of Pteronarcys nymphs (Plecoptera): observations of marked individuals in a Rocky Mountain stream. Freshwater Biology 25, 379-394.
Frison, T.H. 1935 New North American species of the genus Alloperla (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 61:331-344.
Frison,TH 1937 II. Descriptions of Plecoptera with special reference to the Illinois species. Illinois Natural History Survey Bulletin 21 3, 78-99. Click here, then scroll down, click on this publication for instructions on how to order it.
Frison,TH 1942 Studies of North American Plecoptera, with special reference to the fauna of Illinois. Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey 22: 235-355.
Fuller,RL; Stewart,K,W 1977 The food habits of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in the Upper Gunnison River, Colorado. Environmental Entomology 6, 293-302.
They studied the Gunnison River Plecoptera fauna at Lost Canyon Resort for 3 years in the early 1970's. Article from the Troutfitter website about this paper and Dr. Stewart: http://www.troutfitter.com/index.asp?PageAction=Custom&ID=4.
Fuller,RL and Stewart,KW 1979 Stonefly (Plecoptera) Food habits and prey preference in the Dolores River, Colorado. American Midland Naturalist, 101(1) 170-181. First page
Abstract: Gut contents of 1013 stonefly nymphs, comprising nine species, from the Dolores River, Colorado, were analyzed from December 1974 - October 1975 and compared with food availability. Pteryonarcyids ingested large quantities of detritus and some moss, moss being a substantial food item in later instar Pternarcella badia nymphs. Perlodids fed primarily on chironomids and simuliids, although Isoperla fulva also ingested mayflies in June. Claassenia sabulosa remained carnivorous throughout development: young nymphs ingested chironomids and small mayflies and larger nymphs ingested caddisflies and mayflies. Horn's Coefficient of Dietary Overlap indicated significant overlap between all perlodids and chloroperlids. It also showed significant overlap between small and large C. sabulosa nymphs, yet selection of different prey sizes indicated resource partitioning. A comparison of food habits with the Gunnison River stoneflies indicated differences between the diets of large and small Claassenia sabulosa, with chironomids comprising large percentages of the diet for both size classes in the Gunnison River and smaller nymphs in the Dolores. Mayflies were important prey for larger individuals in the Dolores River. These differences could be attributed to different prey populations in each river and/or to availability of prey in the particular size that each predator preferred. In both rivers, Chironomidae and Simuliidae larvae were the major prey in the guts of Cultus aestivalis and Isoperla fulva. This prey specificity may have been due to decreased availability of smaller individuals in the other major prey groups or a difficulty in capture of larger prey organisms.
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Gaufin,AR 1964 Systematic list of Plecoptera of intermountain region. Proceedings of the Utah Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 41, 221-227.When published this was a useful Western United States list, now you may want to refer to the North American Stonefly List maintained by Bill Stark. http://www.mc.edu/campus/users/stark/Sfly0102.htm or the website by Boris Kondratieff (coordinator). 2000. Mayflies of the United States. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. (Version 12DEC2003). http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/sfly/sflyusa.htm
Gaufin,AR 1970 Type species designation for the subgenus Utacapnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Entomological News 81:197.
Describes the genus Utacapnia.
Gaufin,AR and Ricker,WE 1974 Additions and corrections to a list of Montana stoneflies. Entomological News 85: 285-288.
Gehrken,U; Somme,L. 1987 Increased cold hardiness in eggs of Arcynopteryx compacta (Plecoptera) by dehydration. Journal of Insect Physiology 33(12) 987–991.
Gibert,J Danielopol,D and Stanford,JA 1994 Groundwater ecology. Academic Press 571 pages.
Gray,LJ and Ward,JV 1979 Food habits of stream benthos at sites of differing food availability. American Midland Naturalist 102 1, 157-167.
Gregory,J.S., Beesley,S.S. and Van Kirk,R.W. 2000 Effect of springtime water temperature on the time of emergence and size of Pteronarcys californica in the Henry's Fork catchment, Idaho, U.S.A. Freshwater Biology 45(1) 75 Abstract
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Hagen, HA, 1874 Report on the Pseudo-neuroptera and Neuroptera collected by Lieut. W.L. Carpenter in 1873 in Colorado. Annual Report of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, embracing Colorado, 7: 571-577.Hanson,JF 1946 Comparative morphology and taxonomy of the Capniidae (Plecoptera) American Midland Naturalist 35(1) 193-249 first page
Harper,PP; Lauzon,M; Harper,F 1991 Life cycles of 12 species of winter stoneflies from Quebec (Plecoptera, Capniidae and Taeniopterygidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 69 3, 787-796.
Harper,PP; Ricker,WE 1994 Distribution of Ontario Stoneflies (Plecoptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 125, 43-66.
Hassage,RL and Stewart,KW 1990 Growth and voltinism of five stonefly species in a New Mexico mountain stream. The Southwestern Naturalist, 35 (2)130-134. Abstract and first page
Hering,D and Plachter,H 1997 Riparian ground beetles (Coeloptera, Carabidae) preying on aquatic invertebrates: a feeding strategy in alpine floodplains. Oecologia 111(2):261-270. Abstract
Quote from the abstract: "Aquatic invertebrates composed 89% of the potential prey for carnivorous terrestrial insects along the Isar. Besides aquatic organisms washed ashore, stoneflies emerging on land are of considerable importance as potential prey for terrestrial predators."
Hynes, H.B.N. 1976. The biology of Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 21: 135-153.
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Illies,J 1965 Phylogeny and zoogeography of the Plecoptera. Annual Review of Entomology (10) 117-140.First PageIllies,J 1966 Katalog der rezenten Plecoptera. Das Tierreich – Eine Zusammenstellung und Kennzeichnung der rezenten Tierformen. (Das Tierreich) 82:435
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Jacobi,GZ; Cary,SJ 1996 Winter stoneflies (Plecoptera) in seasonal habitats in New Mexico, USA. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 15 4, 690-699.Johnson, NF; Triplehorn, CA 2004 Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects 7th edition, Brooks Cole. 864 pages.
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Kauwe,JSK and Shiozawa,DK, 2004 Phylogeographic and nested clade analysis of the stonefly Pteronarcys californica (Plecoptera: Pteronarcyidae) in the western USA. Journal of the North American Benthonlogical Society 23(4)824-838. PDFKlapálek,F 1905 Conspectus Plecopterorum Bohemiae. Casopis Ceskoslovenské Spolecnosti Entomologické 2: 27-32.
Klapálek,F 1909 In Klapálek and Grunberg. Hft. 8. Ephemerida, Plecoptera, Lepidoptera. In Brauer, A. Die Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands. Eine Exkursionsfauna 39
Klapálek, Frantisek 1912 Plécoptères. I. Fam. Perlodidae; [monographische Revision. II. Fam. Perlidae; Subfam. Perlinae, Subfam. Neoperlinae; mongraphische Revision] Series Sélys-Longchamps, Edmond de, baron, 1813-1900. Collections zoologiques; catalogue systematique et descriptif, fasc. 4, pt. 1-2.
Kiffney,PM 1996 Main and interactive effects of invertebrate density, predation, and metals on a Rocky Mountain stream macroinvertebrate community. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53(7): 1595–1601 .
Kiffney,PM; Clements,WH 1993 Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by benthic invertebrates at the Arkansas River, Colorado. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12, 1507-1517.
Kiffney,PM; Clements,WH 1994 Effects of heavy metals on a macroinvertebrate assemblage from a Rocky Mountain stream in experimental microcosms. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 13 4, 511-523.
Quote from page 519-520: "Our results were similar to other experiments (Clements et al. 1988a, 1988b, Leland et al. 1989, Kiffney and Clements 1994) and field studies (Chadwick et al. 1986, Clements 1994; Clements, unpublished results) that have examined the effects of metals on stream macroinvertebrates. Specifically, mayflies and some stoneflies were sensitive, and caddisflies and chironomids were relatively tolerant to metal exposure. However, the sensitivity to metals differed within families, genera and across lifestages."
Knight,AW; Gaufin,AR 1966 Altitudinal distribution of stoneflies (Plecoptera) in a Rocky Mountain drainage system. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39 4, 668-675. First page
Abstract: "Stoneflies collected between the altitude of 6,760 and 10,770 feet in the Gunnison River drainage, Colorado, show definite altitudinal distribution. The effect of altitude on stonefly distribution is largely due to temperature and, in part, food supply. The greatest number of stonefly species was recorded between 7,000 and 9,000 feet. Carnivorous stonefly species were dominant at all elevations and reached high dominance values at the higher elevations."
Stonefly names have changed quite a bit since this publication.
Kondratieff,BC and Baumann,RW 2002 A review of the stoneflies of Colorado with description of a new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 128 3, 385-401.
Useful current overview of Plecoptera in Colorado. Briefly refers to some nomenclature changes, habitat, distribution, other comments and useful publications about Colorado Stoneflies. This website (www.gunnisoninsects.org) quotes short paragraphs about species found in Gunnison County in the reference section of each species webpage.
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Leiser,E and Boyle,R 1990 Stoneflies for the Angler: How to Know Them, Tie Them, and Fish Them. Stackpole Books 174 pages.Lyon,ML; Stark,BP 1997 Alloperla (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) of western North America. Entomological News 108 5, 321-334
The key for Alloperla, has scanning electron photomicrographs of eggs and pertinent taxonomic characters.
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Maketon,M;Stewart,KW; Kondratieff,BC and Kirchner,RF 1988 New descriptions of drumming and evolution of the behavior in North American Perlodidae (Plecoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 61(2) 161-168 Abstract and first pageMcCafferty, WP 1983 Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermens Guide and Ecologists Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. 480 pages.
Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW (Eds.) 1996 An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. 862 pages.
The best all around aquatic insect key and general reference for North America until the 2008 edition came out.
McCafferty, WP 1983 Aquatic Entomology: The Fishermens Guide and Ecologists Illustrated Guide to Insects and Their Relatives. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. 480 pages.
Molles,MC and Pietruszka,RD 1983 Mechanisms of prey selection by predaceous stoneflies: roles of prey morphology, behavior and predator hunger. Oecologia 57(1) 25-31. Abstract
Mogren,CL and Trumble,JT 2010 The impacts of metals and metalloids on insect behavior. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 135: 1–17. Full Text Mutch,RA and Pritchard,G 1986 Development rates of eggs of some Canadian stoneflies (Plecoptera) in relation to temperature. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 5(4)272-277. Abstract and first page
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Neave, F. 1934 Stoneflies from the Purcell Range, B.C. The Canadian Entomologist 66(1):1-6.Nebeker,AV and Gaufin,AR 1965 The Capnia columbiana complex of North America (Capniidae: Plecoptera). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 91:467-487.
Nebeker,AV and Gaufin,AR 1966 New Paraleuctra from the Rocky Mountains (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Entomological News 77:255-259.
Nebeker,AV and Gaufin,AR 1967 Geographic and seasonal distribution of the family Capniidae of western North America (Plecoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 40(3)415-421 Abstract and first page
Nebeker,AV and Gaufin,AR 1967 Geographic and seasonal distribution of the family Capniidae of Western North America (Plecoptera). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 40(3) 415-421. Abstract and first page
Needham,JG and Claassen,PW 1925 A Monograph of the Plecoptera of North America. Entomological Society of America, Lafayette, Indiana. 397 pages.
Nelson,RC; Baumann,RW 1989 Systematics and distribution of the winter stonefly genus Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) in North America. Great Basin Naturalist 49, 289-363.
Nelson,CH and Hanson,JF 1973 The genus Perlomyia (Plecoptera: Leuctridae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 46:187-199.
Nelson,CH and Hanson,JF 1968 Two New Species of Alloperla (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae) from China. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society (41)4 425-428. Abstract and First Page
Nelson,RC and Kondratieff,BC 1988 A new species of Capnia (Plecoptera: Capniidae) from the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. Entomological News 99 2, 77-80.
Nelson,SM and Roline,RA 1999 Relationships between metals and hyporheic invertebrate community structure in a river recovering from metals contamination. Hydrobiologia 397, 211-226. Abstract
Nehring,RB 1976 Aquatic insects as biological monitors of heavy metal pollution. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 15 2, 147-154.
Newport,G 1848 On the anatomy and affinities of Pteronarcys regalis Newman; with a postscript containing descriptions of some American Perlidae, together with notes on their habits. Transactions Linnean Society of London 20: 425-452.
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Peckarsky, B.L. 1980 Predator-prey interactions between stoneflies and mayflies: behavioral observations. Ecology 61(4) 932-943. AbstractPeckarsky,BL 1987b Mayfly cerci as defense against stonefly predation: deflection and detection. Oikos 48 2, 161-170.
Peckarsky,BL 1990 Habitat selection by stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, 1069-1076.
Peckarsky,BL 1991 A field test of resource depression by predatory stonefly larvae. Oikos 61 1, 3-10.
Peckarsky,BL 1991 Is there a coevolutionary arms race between predators and prey? A case study with stoneflies and mayflies. Advances in Ecology 1, 167-180.
Peckarsky,BL 1991 Mechanisms of intra- and interspecific interference between larval stoneflies. Oecologia 85(4) 521-529. Abstract
Peckarsky, B.L. 1996 Alternative predator avoidance syndromes of stream-dwelling mayfly larvae. Ecology 77(6), 1888-1905. Abstract
Peckarsky,BL; Cowan,CA 1991 Consequences of larval intraspecific competition to stonefly growth and fecundity. Oecologia 88, 277-288.
Peckarsky, BL; Cowan,CA; Anderson,CR. 1994 Consequences and plasticity of the specialized predatory behavior of stream-dwelling stonefly larvae. Ecology 75(1) 166–181. Abstract
Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan, M.A. Penton and C. Anderson. 1993 Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74(6):1836-1846. Abstract
Peckarsky, B.L. and S.I. Dodson. 1980. Do stonefly predators influence benthic distributions in streams? Ecology 61(6) 1275-1282. Abstract
Peckarsky, B.L. and S.I. Dodson. 1980. An experimental analysis of biological factors contributing to stream community structure. Ecology 61:1283-1290. Abstract
Peckarsky,BL, Kerans,B; Taylor,BW and McIntosh,AR. 2008 Predator effects on prey population dynamics in open systems. Oecologia.
Peckarsky, B.L. and A.R. McIntosh 1998 Fitness and community consequences of avoiding multiple predators. Oecologia 113, 565-576. Abstract
Peckarsky,BL and Penton,MA 1985 Is predaceous stonefly behavior affected by competition? Ecology 66(6) 1718-1728. Abstract
Peckarsky,BL and Penton,MA 1988 Why do Ephemerella nymphs scorpion posture: a "ghost of predation past"? Oikos 53:185-193.
Peckarsky,BL and Penton,MA 1989 Early warning lowers risk of stonefly predation for a vulnerable mayfly. Oikos 54:301-309.
Peckarsky,BL and Penton,MA 1989 Mechanisms of prey selection by stream-dwelling stonefly nymphs. Ecology 70(5) 1203-1218. Abstract
Peckarsky,BL and Penton,MA 1990 Effects of enclosures on stream microhabitat and invertebrate community structure. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 9:249-261.
Peckarsky, B.L. and R. S. Wilcox. 1989 Stonefly nymphs hydrodynamic cues to discriminate between prey. Oecologia 79:265-270.
Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan, M.A. Penton and C. Anderson. 1993 Sublethal consequences of stream-dwelling predatory stoneflies on mayfly growth and fecundity. Ecology 74(6):1836-1846. Abstract
Peckarsky, B.L., C.A. Cowan and C.R. Anderson. 1994 Consequences and plasticity of the specialized predatory behavior of stream-dwelling stonefly larvae. Ecology 75(1):166-181. Abstract
Peckarsky,BL; Dodson,SI; Conklin,DJ 1985 A key to the aquatic insects of streams in the vicinity of the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab, including chironomid larvae from streams and ponds. Colorado Division of Wildlife, Denver CO. 47 pages.
This was one of the publications that inspired me to start developing www.gunnisoninsects.org :-) Do not use the Chloroperlidae section of this key.
Peckarsky,BL; Fraissinet,PR; Penton,MA; Conklin Jr.,DJ 1990 Freshwater Macroinvertebrates of Northeastern North America. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. 442 pages.
While not directly aimed at our area, it works pretty well to the genus level, useful as another tool on the shelf when identifying nymphs.
Peckarsky, B.L., S.C. Horn and B. Statzner. 1990. Stonefly predation along a hydraulic gradient: a test of the harsh-benign hypothesis. Freshwater Biology 24:1503-1514.
Peckarsky, B. L., Taylor, B. and C. C. Caudill 2000 Hydrologic and behavioral constraints on oviposition of stream insects: implications for adult dispersal. Oecologia 125:186-200. Abstract
Pennack,RW 1978 Fresh-water Invertebrates of the United States. 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY. 803 pages.
Now mostly outdated, see Merritt and Cummins 1996. Has wonderful illustrations and discussions. The current edition no longer has keys to aquatic insects.
Pennack,RW and Ward,JV 1986 Interstital faunal communities of the hyporheic and adjacent groundwater biotopes of a Colorado mountain stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Suppl. 74 3, 356-396.
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Rader,RB and Belish,TA 1999 Influence of mild to severe flow alterations on invertebrates in three mountain streams. Regulated Rivers: Research & Management. 15(4)353 - 363.Quote: "Water abstraction (extent and timing of diversion) could be managed to minimize risks to downstream ecological resources."
Richardson,JW and Gaufin,AR 1971 Food habits of some western stonefly nymphs. Transactions of American Entomological Society 97, 91-121.
They studied a number of rivers and streams in the Gunnison basin and Utah, providing detailed dietary information for the most common species.
Ricker,WE 1943. Stoneflies of Southwestern British Columbia. Indiana University Publications, Science Series 12 145 pages, Bloomington, Indiana.
Ricker,WE 1952. Systematic studies in Plecoptera. Indiana University Publications, Science Series 18, 200 pages, Bloomington, Indiana.
del Rosario,RB; Betts,EA and Resh,VH. 2002 Cow manure in headwater streams: tracing aquatic insect responses to organic enrichment. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 21: 278-289.
Ruse,LP; Herrmann,SJ 2000 Plecoptera and Trichoptera species distribution related to environmental characteristics of the metal-polluted Arkansas River, Colorado. Western North American Naturalist 60 (1) 57-65. PDF
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Sandberg,JB 2009 Vibrational communication (drumming) of the western nearctic stonefly genus Hesperoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 2009 5(13):146-155. PDFSandberg,JB 2011 Vibrational communication of Isoperla Banks from California and Oregon (Plecoptera: Perlodidae). Illiesia 2011 7(1):1-23. PDF
Sandberg,JB and Stewart,KW 2001 Drumming behavior and life history notes of a high-altitude Colorado population of the stonefly Isoperla petersoni Needham & Christenson (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Western North American Naturalist 61 4, 445-451.
Sandberg,JB; Stewart,KW 2003 Continued studies of drumming in North American Plecoptera; Evolutionary implications. In: Research Update on Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera. Ed: Gaino,E University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, 73-81.
Discusses stonefly communication via drumming for a number of species including Isoperla fulva , Isoperla mormona, Isoperla sobria and Paraperla frontalis. Also has sonograms of male and female stonefly courting duets. Discusses the evolutionary implications of recent studies of drumming behavior.
Sandberg, JB; and Stewart, KW 2005 Life history of the stonefly Isogenoides zionensis (Plecoptera:Perlodidae) from the San Miguel River, Colorado. Illiesia 1(4)21-32. http://www2.pms-lj.si/illiesia/Illiesia01-04.pdf
Sandberg,JB and Stewart,KW 2005a Vibrational communication (Drumming) of the nearctic stonefly genus Isogenoides (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 131 1+2, 111-130. PDF
Sandberg,JB; Stewart,KW 2005b Holomorphology and systematics of the stonefly genus Isogenoides (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 131 3+4, 269-345.
Sandberg, JB; Stewart, KW 2006 Continued Studies of Vibrational Communication (Drumming) Of North American Plecoptera. Illiesia 2006 2(1):1-14. http://mrc.pms-lj.si/illiesia/papers/Illiesia02-01.pdf (227 Kb)
Has sonograms of a number of species including the local I. quinquepunctata.
Sanders,HO and Cope,OB 1968 The relative toxicities of several pesticides to naiads of three species of stoneflies. Limnology and Oceanography 13(1) 112-117. First page
Abstract: Static bioassays were conducted to determine the relative acute toxicities of some insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, a defoliant, and a molluscicide to the naiads of three species of stonefly, Pteronarcys californica, Pteronarcella badia, and Claassenia sabulosa. Toxic effects were measured by determination of median lethal concetration (LC50) for 24-, 48-, and 96-hr exposures, at 15.5C. Endrin and dieldrin were the most and DDT the least toxic of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides tested. Parathion was the most toxic organophosphate insecticide to P. californica naiads, but Dursban was the most toxic to P. badia and C. sabulosa naiads. Trichlorofon (Dipterex) was the least toxic to all three species. P. badia, the species of smallest size, was the species most susceptible to most pesticides, followed in descending order of sensitivity by C. sabulosa and P. californica. Smaller specimens of P. californica naiads were consistently more susceptible to some insecticides than larger specimens of the same species.
Scudder, GE 2006 Bill Ricker's Entomological Contributions. Environmental Biology of Fishes 75(1) 111-117. Abstract
Shapas,TJ; Hilsenhoff,WL 1976 Feeding habits of Wisconsin's predominant lotic Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Great Lakes Entomologist 9, 175-188.
Sheldon,AL 1969 Comparative ecology of Arcynopteryx and Diura (Plecoptera) in a California stream. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie 69, 521-546.
Sheldon,AL 1999 Emergence patterns of large stoneflies (Plecoptera: Pteronarcys, Calineuria, Hesperoperla) in a Montana river. Great Basin Naturalist 59: 169–174. PDF
Shepard, WD. and Stewart KW 1983 Comparative Study of Nymphal Gills in North American Stonefly Genera and a New, Proposed Paradigm of Plecoptera Gill Evolution. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 13:1-57
Reviews history of describing and naming gills on the stoneflies of North America. Standarizes the terminology of gills. Suggests since function of the things we call gills appears to really be for osmoregulation that we call most of the gills on stonefly nymphs osmobranchiae. The only truly respiratory gills on stoneflies are the gills variously referred to as anal, caudal (historic terms) or subanal lobe (SL) gills found on Perlidae and Pteronarcyidae nymphs. Perlid and Pteronarcid nymphs grow more gills and more branches on their gills with sucessive instars. Many other gilled stoneflies gain gills as they grow making identifications based on gills problematic for immature specimens.
Short,RA and Ward,JV 1980 Life cycle and production of Skwala parallela (Frison) (Plecoptera:Perlodidae) in a Colorado montane stream. Hydrobiologia 69 3, 273-275.
Now referred to as Skwala americana, Short and Ward provide life history and production data from Trout Creek in the South Platte River drainage of Colorado's Front Range.
Short,RA and Ward,JV 1981 Trophic ecology of three winter stoneflies (Plecoptera). American Midland Naturalist 105, 341-347.
They studied Zapada oregonensis, Z. cinctipes and Capnia confusa in Little Beaver Creek in North Central Colorado. Diet analysis of field caught nymphs showed that they mostly were shredders who chewed up leaves into smaller pieces.
Stanford JA; Gaufin AR. 1974 Hyporheic communities of two Montana rivers. Science 185:700-702. PDF
Abstract: Collections of stream organisms from a domestic water supply system adjacent to the Tobacco River revealed that a detritus-based community exists in subterranean waters circulating through floodplain gravels at least 4.2 meters below and 50 meters laterally from the river channel. Several stone fly species spend their entire nymphal life cycles in underground habitats of the Tobacco and Flathead rivers.
Stanford,JA; Ward,JV 1985 The effects of regulation on the limnology of the Gunnison River: A North American case history. In: Regulated Rivers. Eds: Lillehammer,A; Saltveit,S Universitetsforlaget As., Oslo, Norway, 467-480.
Stanford,JA; Ward,JV 1989 Serial discontinuities in a Rocky Mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of Plecoptera. Regulated Rivers: Research and Management 3, 169-175.
Stanger,JA; Baumann,RW 1993 A revision of the stonefly genus Taenionema (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 119 3, 171-229.
The key for Taenionema, has diagnoses, illustrations of pertinent taxonomic characters and a proposed phylogeny.
Stark,BP and Green,S 2011 Eggs of western Nearctic Acroneuriinae (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Illiesia 2011 7(17):157-166. PDF
Stark,BP; Gaufin,AR 1976a The nearctic genera of Perlidae (Plecoptera). Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 10, 1-80.
Has keys, illustrations, range maps and discussions of biogeography.
Stark,BP; Gaufin,AR 1976b The nearctic species of Acroneuria (Plecoptera: Perlidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 49 2, 221-253.
Keys, diagnoses, illustrations.
Stark,BP; Kyzar,JW 2001 Systematics of nearctic Paraleuctra with description of a new genus (Plecoptera:Leuctridae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 144 1, 119-135.
Stark,BP; Oblad,BR; Gaufin,AR 1973 An annotated list of the Stoneflies (Plecoptera) of Colorado Part I. Entomological News 84 9, 269-277.
Very useful historic distribution information, many nomenclature changes have occurred since this was published. Now you may want to review Kondratieff and Baumann, 2002 for additional information.
Stark,BP and Sivec,I 2010 Systematic notes on the genus Claassenia Wu (Plecoptera: Perlidae), with description of a new species. Illiesia 6(24):303-314. PDF
Stark, B.P. and S.W. Szczytko. 1982. Egg morphology and phylogeny in Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 75: 519-529.
Stark, B.P. and S.W. Szczytko. 1986 North American stoneflies (Plecsoptera) Systematics, distribution, and taxonomic references. Great Basin Naturalist 46: 383-397.
Stark, B.P. and S.W. Szczytko. 1988. Egg morphology and phylogeny in Arcynopterygini (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 61(2) 143-160.Abstract and First Page
Stark,BP; Stewart,KW 2005 Nymphs of four western nearctic Sweltsa species (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Transactions of American Entomological Society 131 1+2, 189-200.
Stark, B.P., K.W. Stewart, S.W. Szczytko, and R.W. Baumann. 1998. Common Names of Stoneflies (Plecoptera) from the United States and Canada. Ohio Biological Survey Notes 1:1-18.
Stark,BP; Szczytko,SW; Baumann,RW 1986 North American stoneflies (Plecoptera): systematics, distribution, and taxonomic references. Great Basin Naturalist 46, 383-397.
Another useful general reference.
Stark, B.P., S.W. Szczytko, and C.R. Nelson. 1998. American stoneflies: a photographic guide to the Plecoptera. The Caddis Press. Columbus Ohio. 126 pages.
Stark,JD; Banks,JE 2003 Population-level effects of pesticides and other toxicants on arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 48:505-19.
Stewart,KW 2009 New descriptions of North American Taenionema larvae (Plecoptera: Taeniopterygidae). Illiesia 2009 5(12):128-145. PDF
Stewart,KW; Abbott,JC; Bottorff,RL 1995 Drumming signals of two stonefly species: a newly discovered duet pattern in Plecoptera. Entomological News 106 1, 13-18.
Stewart,KW and Alexander,NH 2008 The nymphs of three Nemouridae species (Plecoptera) from Oregon temporary headwaters streams. Transactions of the North AMerican Entomological Society 134: 173-183.
Stewart,KW; Bottorff,RL; Knight,AW; Moring,JB 1991 Drumming of four North American euholognathan stonefly species, and a new complex signal pattern in Nemoura spiniloba Jewett (Plecoptera:Nemouridae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 84 2, 201-206.
Stewart,KW; Harper,PP 1996 Plecoptera. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 3rd ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 217-266.
The classic North American aquatic insect (including Stoneflies) key and reference.
Stewart,KW; Hassage,RL; Holder,SJ and Oswood,MW 1990 Life cycles of six stonefly species (Plecoptera) in subarctic and arctic Alaska streams. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83(2)207-214.
Abstract: Nymphal growth and emergence of adults are described for six species of stoneflies (Plecoptera) found in subarctic and arctic Alaska. The two Nemouridae studied are semivoltine; adults of Zapada haysi (Ricker) are present from May to July and adults of Nemoura arctica Esben-Petersen occur from June to July. The remaining four species are univoltine. Plumiperla diversa (Frison) (Chloroperlidae) has most of its growth occurring during the summer with emergence the following May-September. Taenionema pacificum (Banks) (Taeniopterygidae) completes nymphal growth by the end of January and has an early emergence (April-June). Adults of Arcynopteryx compacta (McLachlan) (Perlodidae) are present from May to August, and growth of nymphs is rapid during summer and fall. Isoperla petersoni Needham ∓ Christenson (Perlodidae) adults are present from June to mid-August, and nymphal growth is interrupted by winter and resumes in the spring; the three other univoltine species studied tend to complete growth before the onset of winter. Growth of these six species is tied to seasonal temperature variation.
Stewart,KW and Ricker,WE 1997 The stoneflies of the Yukon. pgs 201–222 in Danks,HV and Downes,JA (Eds.), Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa. 1034 pp.
Stewart,KW and Stark,BP 2002 Nymphs of North American Stonefly Genera. 2nd edition The Caddis Press, Columbus, Ohio. 510 pages.
The best key for Stonefly nymphs to genus in North America. Excellent illustrations, straightforward identification keys and a broad literature review make this book a neccessity.
Stewart,KW and Stark,BP 2008 Chapter 14: Plecoptera. In: An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America. 4th ed. Eds: Merritt,RW; Cummins,KW; Berg,MB Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa, 311-384.
Stewart,KW and Stark,BP 2011 Further descriptions of western North American Podmosta larvae and their separation from Ostrocerca larvae (Plecoptera: Nemouridae). Illiesia 7(10):104-117. PDF
Stewart,KW and Szczytko,SW 1983 Drift of Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera in two Colorado rivers. Freshwater Invertebrate Biology. 2(3)117-131. PDF
Stewart,KW; Szczytko,SW abd BP Stark 1982 Drumming behavior of four species of North American Pteronarcyidae (Plecoptera): dialects in Colorado and Alaska Pteronarcella badia. Annals Entomological Society of America 75:530-533.
Stewart,KW and Zeigler,DD 1984 Drumming behavior of twelve North American stonefly (Plecoptera) species: First descriptions in Peltoperlidae, Taeniopterygidae and Chloroperlidae. Aquatic Insects. 6(1) 49 - 61. Abstract
Stewart,KW and Zeigler,DD 1984 The use of larval morphology and drumming in Plecoptera systematics, and further studies of drumming behavior. Annals of Limnology, 20 (1–2) 105–114.
Steyskal, GC 1976 Notes on the nomenclature and taxonomic growth of the Plecoptera. pp 408-410. In: A report on the fifth international symposium on Plecoptera. RW Baumann, ed. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington. 88:399-428.
Surdick,RF 1985 Nearctic Genera of Chloroperlinae (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. 146 pages.
An early key for Chloroperlids, now use Stewart and Stark, 2002.
Surdick,RF 1995a New western nearctic Sweltsa (Plecoptera: Chloroperlidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 97 1, 161-177.
Szczytko,SW; Stewart,KW 1979a The genus Isoperla (Plecoptera) of western North America; holomorphology and systematics, and a new stonefly genus Cascadoperla. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 32, 1-120.
The key for Isoperla. Also has diagnoses and many illustrations
Szczytko,SW; Stewart,KW 1979b Three new species of nearctic Isoperla (Plecoptera). Great Basin Naturalist 36, 211-220.
Szczytko,SW and Stewart,KW 1979c Drumming behavior of four Western Nearctic Isoperla (Plecoptera) species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72(6)781-786.
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Taylor,BW; Anderson,CR; Peckarsky,BL 1998 Effects of size at metamorphosis on stonefly fecundity, longevity, and reproductive success. Oecologia 114, 494-502. AbstractStudying Megarcys in streams around the Rocky Mountain Biological Lab in Gothic, Colorado, they found that M. signata was protandrous (males emerge first) and females were about twice the body mass of males in both streams studied. M. signata emerged earlier and larger from a trout stream (East River) than the stoneflies from a smaller fishless tributary (Benthette Brook). Temperature did not affect size at metamorphosis. Many females from Benthette Brook were brachypterous (short-winged), while East River Megarcys females has longer wings. In 1992 East River stoneflies emerged from mid June to mid July with the peak emergence in late June. Benthette brook Megarcys emerged from early July to late August, peaking in Late July. Adults emerged at dawn between 0600 and 0800 hours until later in the season when they emerged at night (after 2200 hours). Adults became more active after dark. Manipulative experiments determined that male body mass did not affect reproductive success. Sometimes male drumming attracted females who mated immediately upon finding the male. Other times the first male to stumble on the female mated with her. Mating usually occurred within the first three days after emergence. Copulation generally lasted all night. Females who mated multiple times had lower total lifetime fecundity than females who mated once. Multiple matings reduced the lifespan of males and females. There was no evidence of parthenogenesis in unmated females. Neither sex fed on sugar water except rarely and dissections of field collected adults showed atrophied digestive tracts.
Taylor,BW; Anderson,CR; Peckarsky,BL 1999 Delayed egg hatching and semivoltinism in the Nearctic stonefly Megarcys signata (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Aquatic Insects 21, 179-185. Abstract
Theissinger,K; Feldheim,KA; Seitz,A and Pauls,SU 2009 Isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic trinucleotide microsatellite markers in the stonefly Arcynopteryx compacta (Plecoptera: Perlodidae) Molecular Ecology Resources 9(1)357-359.
Tikkanen, P., Muotka, T., Huhta, A. and Juntunen, A. 1997 The roles of active predator choice and prey vulnerability in determining the diet of predatory stonefly (Plecoptera) nymphs.- Journal of Animal Ecology 66: 36-48.
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VanWieren,BJ; Kondratieff,BC; Stark,BP 2001 A review of the North American species of Megarcys Klapálek (Plecoptera:Perlodidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 103 2, 409-427.Reviews all five North American species of Megarcys (M.irregularis, M. signata, M, subtruncata, M. watertoni and M. yosemite). Keys to males, females and eggs, diagnoses of each species, illustrations of male and female genitalia as well as photomicrographs of eggs are provided.
Vieira, Nicole K.M., Poff, N. LeRoy, Carlisle, Daren M., Moulton, Stephen R., II, Koski, Marci L., and Kondratieff, Boris C., 2006, A database of lotic invertebrate traits for North America: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 187, http://pubs.water.usgs.gov/ds187
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Ward,JV, Kondratieff,BC and Zuellig,RE 2002 An Illustrated Guide to the Mountain Stream Insects of Colorado. 2nd ed. University Press of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. 219 pages.General reference for aquatic insects in the mountain running waters of Colorado. Used by classes everywhere in Colorado.
Warnick,SL; Bell,HL 1969 The acute toxicity of some heavy metals to different insects. Journal WPCF 41 2, 280-284.
Webb,DW (Ed.) 1996 Current and Selected Bibliographies on Benthic Biology. North American Benthological Society, Windsor, Ontario, Canada. 96 pages.
This series of bibliographies helps everyone keep up on the current literature. There are more of these for many other years. They contain mostly all new citations every year with a few missed from previous years included.
Williams,MC; Lichtwardt,RW 1987 Two new Trichomycete species from Zapada spp. (Stonefly) nymphs with an unusual distribution. Mycologia 79, 473-478.
Studies a common fungus on Plecoptera nymphs.
Winterbourn,MJ; Crowe,ALM 2001 Flight activity of insects along a mountain stream: is directional flight adaptive? Freshwater Biology 46, 1479-1489.
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Ziegler,DD and Stewart,KW 1977 Drumming behavior of eleven Nearctic stonefly (Plecoptera) species Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 70(4)495-505.Zeigler,DD and Stewart,KW 1985 Age effects of drumming behavior of Pteronarcella badia (Plecoptera) males. Entomological News 96(4) 157–160
Zenger,JT and Baumann,RW 2004 The holarctic winter stonefly genus Isocapnia, with an emphasis on the North American fauna (Plecoptera: Capniidae) Monographs of the Western North American Naturalist 2(1):65-95.Abstract
Zuellig,RE; Kondratieff,BC; Rhodes,HA 2002 Benthos recovery after an episodic sediment release into a Colorado Rocky Mountain river. Western North American Naturalist 62 1, 59-72.
Zwick,P 1982 The stonefly collection of F. Klapálek in Prague, with notes on the Nemouridae (Plecoptera). Aquatic Insects 4(1)39–48.
Zwick,P 1989 Notes on Plecoptera (18) Skwala americana (Klapálek, 1912), comb. n., the valid name for Skwala parallela (Frison, 1936). Aquatic Insects 11 3, 181-182.
Good Links
On this website:Plecoptera Provisional Species List
Glossary
Other Websites:
Stonefly references from Kondratieff, Boris C. and Richard W. Baumann (coordinators). 2000. Stoneflies of the United States. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. (Version 12DEC2003). http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/sfly/sflyref.htm
Brown, Wendy S. 2004 Stoneflies or Plecoptera of Gunnison County, Colorado, USA
www.gunnisoninsects.org
"One final paragraph of advice: Do not burn yourself out. Be as I am - a reluctant enthusiast... a part-time crusader, a half-hearted fanatic. Save the other half of yourselves and your lives for pleasure and adventure. It is not enough to fight for the land; it is even more important to enjoy it. While you can. While it is still there. So get out there and mess around with your friends, ramble out yonder and explore the forests, encounter the griz, climb the mountains. Run the rivers, breathe deep of that yet sweet and lucid air, sit quietly for a while and contemplate the precious stillness, that lovely, mysterious and awesome space. Enjoy yourselves, keep your brain in your head and your head firmly attached to your body, the body active and alive, and I promise you this much: I promise you this one sweet victory over our enemies, over those deskbound people with their hearts in a safe deposit box and their eyes hypnotized by desk calculators. I promise you this: you will outlive the bastards." -- Edward Abbey
www.gunnisoninsects.org
"One final paragraph of advice: Do not burn yourself out. Be as I am - a reluctant enthusiast... a part-time crusader, a half-hearted fanatic. Save the other half of yourselves and your lives for pleasure and adventure. It is not enough to fight for the land; it is even more important to enjoy it. While you can. While it is still there. So get out there and mess around with your friends, ramble out yonder and explore the forests, encounter the griz, climb the mountains. Run the rivers, breathe deep of that yet sweet and lucid air, sit quietly for a while and contemplate the precious stillness, that lovely, mysterious and awesome space. Enjoy yourselves, keep your brain in your head and your head firmly attached to your body, the body active and alive, and I promise you this much: I promise you this one sweet victory over our enemies, over those deskbound people with their hearts in a safe deposit box and their eyes hypnotized by desk calculators. I promise you this: you will outlive the bastards." -- Edward Abbey